Kidney Stones
Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are small, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys. They can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball and can cause severe pain when they move through the urinary tract.
Symptoms of kidney stones can vary depending on the size and location of the stone. Common symptoms include severe pain in the back, side, or lower abdomen, pain during urination, pink, red or brown urine, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
Kidney stones form when there is an excess of certain minerals, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid, in the urine. These minerals can crystallize and clump together, forming a stone. Other factors that can contribute to the formation of kidney stones include dehydration, obesity, high protein diets, and certain medical conditions such as gout and inflammatory bowel disease.
One common treatment for kidney stones is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). This non-invasive procedure uses shock waves to break up the stone into smaller pieces that can be passed more easily through the urinary tract. Another option is ureteroscopy, a minimally invasive procedure that involves using a small camera and tools to remove the stone from the ureter or kidney.
In more severe cases, surgery may be required to remove the stone. Open surgery, which involves making a large incision in the abdomen or back, is rarely used for kidney stones. Instead, laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery may be used. These procedures use small incisions and specialized tools to remove the stone.
Preventing kidney stones is key, especially for those who have had them before. Drinking plenty of fluids, especially water, can help prevent the formation of stones. Additionally, reducing the intake of foods high in oxalate, such as spinach, rhubarb, and almonds, can also help reduce the risk of kidney stones. Some studies have also shown that reducing the intake of animal protein can help reduce the risk of kidney stones.
In summary, kidney stones are small, hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain when passed through the urinary tract. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the stone, as well as the severity of symptoms. Preventative measures, such as drinking plenty of fluids and reducing the intake of certain foods, can help reduce the risk of developing kidney stones.