Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells that line the inside of the bladder, which is a hollow organ in the lower abdomen that stores urine. Bladder cancer is more common in men than in women and is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 55.
Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
In the early stages, bladder cancer may not cause any symptoms. However, as the cancer grows, it may cause the following symptoms:
- Blood in the urine
- Pain or burning during urination
- Frequent urination
- Urgent need to urinate
- Pain in the lower abdomen or back
- Feeling like you need to urinate but cannot
These symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as a urinary tract infection or an enlarged prostate, so it is important to see a doctor if you experience any of these symptoms.
Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of a physical exam, urine tests, and imaging tests.
Physical exam: During a physical exam, the doctor will examine the abdomen and pelvis for any lumps or abnormalities.
Urine tests: A urine test called a urinalysis can detect the presence of blood in the urine, which may indicate the presence of bladder cancer. If blood is found in the urine, the doctor may order additional tests, such as a urine cytology test or a urine culture.
Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as a computed tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan can help the doctor visualize the bladder and detect any abnormalities.
If any of these tests suggest the presence of bladder cancer, the doctor may recommend a cystoscopy, which involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera into the bladder to examine the bladder lining and take a biopsy, which involves taking a small sample of tissue from the bladder for analysis.
Treatment of Bladder Cancer
The treatment of bladder cancer depends on several factors, such as the stage and grade of the cancer, the patient's age and overall health, and the patient's personal preferences.
Surgery: Surgery to remove the tumor, known as a transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB), is a common treatment for early-stage bladder cancer. This procedure involves inserting a cystoscope through the urethra and removing the tumor using a wire loop or other tool. In some cases, a more extensive surgery to remove part or all of the bladder may be necessary.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. This treatment can be delivered externally or internally, using a device called a brachytherapy implant.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. This treatment may be used before or after surgery or radiation therapy, or for advanced or metastatic bladder cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps the body's immune system fight cancer cells. This treatment may be used for advanced or metastatic bladder cancer that has not responded to other treatments.
Side Effects of Bladder Cancer Treatment
The side effects of bladder cancer treatment depend on the type of treatment used and can vary from person to person. Some common side effects of bladder cancer treatment include:
- Urinary incontinence or difficulty urinating
- Erectile dysfunction
- Bowel problems, such as diarrhea or constipation
- Fatigue
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
These side effects can be managed with medications or other treatments, and many improve over time.